What kind of malware operates or spreads without user consent?

The correct answer is that malware operates or spreads without user consent. This term encompasses a wide variety of malicious software designed to cause harm, exploit, or infiltrate systems without the knowledge or consent of the user.

Malware is a broad category that includes various types of harmful software, such as viruses, worms, spyware, and adware. Each of these types may have different methods of propagation and different impacts, but what characterizes malware is its deceptive nature and capability to execute independent actions on a system, often leading to data breaches or system vulnerabilities.

Other categories mentioned, like adware, Trojans, and rootkits, are specific forms of malware. While adware can operate without consent, it generally involves some level of user tolerance or ignorance rather than explicit deception. Trojans often require users to install them under the guise of legitimate software, thus not entirely qualifying as operating without user consent. Rootkits are designed to maintain access and control over a system without detection, but they are a subtype of malware, and their initial exploitation still typically results from user actions.

Understanding the broader classification helps in recognizing various forms of security threats and underscores the importance of maintaining vigilant cybersecurity practices to prevent such intrusions.